{"id":19327,"date":"2023-02-06T21:58:30","date_gmt":"2023-02-06T20:58:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/focus-20-analyser-linfluence-des-images\/"},"modified":"2024-07-08T17:04:08","modified_gmt":"2024-07-08T15:04:08","slug":"focus-20-analyzing-the-influence-of-images","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/focus-20-analyzing-the-influence-of-images\/","title":{"rendered":"FOCUS #20 &#8211; Analyzing the influence of images : The Media Impact Project toolkit"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-1u65m6-76206011cf7071899d5e9822e59a5a3c main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-0  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  focus-ensemble avia-bg-style-scroll av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-100 av-height-100  container_wrap fullsize'   data-av_minimum_height_pc='100' data-av_min_height_opt='100'><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-19327'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-1omfsu-4a79bbeeb8f2e696d6efb3be0346660f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock retour-focus'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"\/nos-focus\/\">&lt; Retour Focus<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1m1rdq-162217792ecc4c7ab28221b4fce54acc\">\n#top .flex_column.av-1m1rdq-162217792ecc4c7ab28221b4fce54acc{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n.flex_column.av-1m1rdq-162217792ecc4c7ab28221b4fce54acc{\nbackground-color:#4c9a91;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_column.av-1m1rdq-162217792ecc4c7ab28221b4fce54acc{\nmargin-top:0px;\nmargin-bottom:0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1m1rdq-162217792ecc4c7ab28221b4fce54acc av_one_full  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_one_full  numero-ensemble first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-5bb8u-a402f126329fb9564dd137e825704ebe\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-5bb8u-a402f126329fb9564dd137e825704ebe .avia_textblock{\nfont-size:20px;\ncolor:#ffffff;\ntext-align:right;\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-5bb8u-a402f126329fb9564dd137e825704ebe '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock numero av_inherit_color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\">FOCUS<br \/>\n#20<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1b5dly-88236a66ca9ab5b7dddb46716dd9fed2\">\n.flex_column.av-1b5dly-88236a66ca9ab5b7dddb46716dd9fed2{\nborder-width:4px;\nborder-color:#4c9a91;\nborder-style:solid;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1b5dly-88236a66ca9ab5b7dddb46716dd9fed2 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-last  contenu first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-12f5vq-9701d922d56a3eb5875872509ee54aa8\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-12f5vq-9701d922d56a3eb5875872509ee54aa8{\npadding-bottom:10px;\ncolor:#4c9a91;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-12f5vq-9701d922d56a3eb5875872509ee54aa8 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-12f5vq-9701d922d56a3eb5875872509ee54aa8 .special-heading-inner-border{\nborder-color:#4c9a91;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-12f5vq-9701d922d56a3eb5875872509ee54aa8 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-12f5vq-9701d922d56a3eb5875872509ee54aa8 av-special-heading-h1 custom-color-heading blockquote modern-quote modern-centered  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Analyzing the influence of images : The Media Impact Project toolkit<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-zmoli-a1ef5580a66dac025fba4e2faf527014 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock chapeau'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>With Erica Rosenthal, PhD in social psychology, research director of the Media Impact Project at the University of Southern California (USC) since 2019. Erica Rosenthal works on various topics: health equity, gender and sexual violence, immigration&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In short:<\/strong> Measuring the reception of audiovisual content by its audience is increasingly popular, particularly for studying consumption habits and analyzing changes in behavior or taking action&#8230; Progress in this field, enabled by the development of algorithms and machine learning, is however faced with the current limits of these technologies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-smou6-cdbbe7f58caf9a76358da28ffd18504a\">\n#top .av_textblock_section.av-smou6-cdbbe7f58caf9a76358da28ffd18504a .avia_textblock{\ncolumn-count:2;\ncolumn-gap:5%;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 989px){ \n#top .av_textblock_section.av-smou6-cdbbe7f58caf9a76358da28ffd18504a .avia_textblock{\ncolumn-count:1;\n}\n.av_textblock_section.av-smou6-cdbbe7f58caf9a76358da28ffd18504a .avia_textblock.av_multi_colums > p:first-child{\nmargin-top:0.85em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-smou6-cdbbe7f58caf9a76358da28ffd18504a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock av_multi_colums'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>The Media Impact Project (MIP) at the University of Southern California is one of the most advanced audiovisual content impact measurement programs in the world. The project, developed within the Norman Lear Center founded in 2000, became an autonomous research department in 2013. Its research follows two main axes: audience analysis (upstream and downstream of consumption) and analysis of the content itself.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h2>AUDIENCE ANALYSIS: UPSTREAM HABITS AND DOWNSTREAM REACTIONS<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>The audience research conducted by the MIP often responds to needs expressed by associations or foundations from civil society.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_896\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-896\" class=\"wp-image-896 size-odi-focus\" title=\"ODI-FOCUS20-01\" src=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-01-500x339.jpg\" alt=\"Partenaires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile ayant men\u00e9 des \u00e9tudes avec le MIP\" width=\"500\" height=\"339\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-01-500x339.jpg 500w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-01-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-01-400x271.jpg 400w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-01.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-01-300x203@2x.jpg 600w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-01-400x271@2x.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-896\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Civil Society Partners who have carried out studies in partnership with the MIP<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Beforehand, these partners seek to know the content consumption habits of people who are committed to their cause, in order to be able to push them into action. They study what type of content these targets prefer, as well as their motivations for viewing it (pleasure, learning&#8230;). The results allow to adapt the genre and the form of the content in order to reach the largest possible audience and to address them as closely as possible to their concerns.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Downstream, the aim is to determine whether the audience has changed its behavior in a period between two weeks and six months after viewing. Online surveys are conducted to find out if the consumption of the images has led the targets to carry out Internet searches related to the theme, if related discussions have taken place with friends and family, if related elements have been shared on social networks, or even if there have been changes in daily habits.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>The MIP has published studies on the screen representation of gun safety, climate change, immigrants, domestic workers, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>To set up these studies, based on samples of the population that may or may not have viewed a certain type of content, the MIP research team has applied a specific statistical methodology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h2>A VARIETY OF STATISTICAL METHODS<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>There are several methods for studying the reception of content by its audience. In the case of a series or film that has not yet been broadcast, the survey is addressed to a wide range of individuals likely to see the content in question: for example, people who have seen the first season of a series are targeted when the second season is to be investigated. The same group will then be solicited twice: before the release of the second season, and then after its viewing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>When analyzing content that has already been broadcast, the survey is conducted directly with people who have seen the film or series. Their responses are compared to those of a carefully selected control group of people. The MIP research team has developed a statistical method that identifies variables associated with whether or not a certain type of content is viewed. The result is a control group with the same socio-demographic characteristics as the test group and so an equal probability of having viewed the content, the difference being that this control group has not seen it.<\/p>\n<p>Whether the survey is conducted on a single group or with a control group, 250 to 300 testimonies are required to obtain reliable results.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>The method based on collecting the impressions of people who are asked to watch a content, but who would not necessarily have watched it otherwise, is avoided as much as possible because it is considered to be too artificial. However, it is used in some cases, especially when studying content that was broadcast more than one year ago: those who want to see this content have already seen it, and a study with a control group is not possible because too much time has passed for the behavioral information collected to be reliable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_898\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-898\" class=\"wp-image-898\" title=\"ODI-FOCUS20-02\" src=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-02.jpg\" alt=\"Gun safety on TV visuel de l'\u00e9tude du MIP sur le port d'armes\" width=\"500\" height=\"269\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-02.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-02-300x161.jpg 300w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-02-400x215.jpg 400w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-02-300x161@2x.jpg 600w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-02-400x215@2x.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-898\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gun safety on TV visual of the MIP study on gun safety<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h2>CONTENT ANALYSIS : INCREASINGLY SOPHISTICATED COMPUTER PROGRAMS&#8230;<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>In addition to audience analysis work, MIP studies the content produced and how it covers specific themes. In particular, MIP conducted a study that highlighted the very low proportion of direct and indirect mentions of climate change in episodes of series and films shot in the United States between 2020 and 2022: only 2.8% of the 37,000 scenarios analyzed mentioned climate change or natural phenomena that could be linked to climate change.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>To conduct large-scale studies such as this one, the research team developed a list of keywords, whose relevance was first tested on a sample of scenarios before the study was launched on a large scale. However, this type of research does not provide an analysis of sentiments, nor of the way the theme appears: for example, the research team does not know if the occurrences of the climate change topic are part of a significant narrative axis, or if it is an anecdotal mention; the computer cannot discern a passage that expresses dismay caused by climate change from a passage that criticizes or denies it; last, it does not allow to collect information about the characters who mention it, especially about their credibility, while they are often mad scientists, characters presented as boring or eco- terrorists&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>However the analysis of the results is of significant help to researchers in identifying characters or episodes that deserve further study by humans.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-odi-focus wp-image-900 aligncenter\" title=\"ODI-FOCUS20-03\" src=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-03-500x248.jpg\" alt=\"Gun safety on TV visuel de l'\u00e9tude du MIP sur le port d'armes\" width=\"500\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-03-500x248.jpg 500w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-03-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-03-400x198.jpg 400w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-03.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-03-400x198@2x.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">A Glaring absence climate change visual of the MIP study on climate change<\/p>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<h2>&#8230; THAT STILL REQUIRE AN IMPORTANT HUMAN INTERVENTION<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Human intervention is required at several stages, such as determining keywords and testing them in advance of a study, but also searching and downloading raw data, such as subtitle files. Finally, most content data analysis is supplemented with human-coded data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_902\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-902\" class=\"size-odi-focus wp-image-902\" title=\"ODI-FOCUS20-04\" src=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-04-500x274.jpg\" alt=\"Immigrant Stories matter - visuel de l'\u00e9tude du MIP\" width=\"500\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-04-500x274.jpg 500w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-04-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-04-400x219.jpg 400w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-04.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-04-300x164@2x.jpg 600w, https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ODI-FOCUS20-04-400x219@2x.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-902\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Immigrant Stories matter &#8211; MIP study<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>This process was used in the MIP study on the representation of immigrants in audiovisual content.<\/p>\n<p>In this context, individuals watched a very large number of films and episodes of series, and took notes on the socio-professional information available on the characters: their country of origin, their gender, their level of education, but also their possible association with a crime. This revealed that between 2020 and 2022, on American television, 40% of immigrants were associated with crime.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>&#8220;While technology allows us to process large amounts of data and greatly improve samples, the intervention of research teams remains ever more important.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Audiovisual content analysis still combines human and computer-gathered data. If technology allows to process a large amount of data and to strongly improve the samples, the intervention of research teams remains ever more important.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-m79ti-dd3ce82856558deccdb4b8251114adfe '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock pied-de-page'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 3\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>The Observatory of Images<\/strong>, created in 2021, is the first French associative body gathering those who are interested in the influence of images in cinema, television, video games and advertisements, especially on the Internet. Convinced that images can freeze representations and lock them into stereotypes, or on the contrary allow emancipation and open up the field of possibilities, the partners of the Observatory have come together to reflect and act together, whether their members work in production, distribution, financing, communication, research, institutions&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>The objectives of the coalition are: to raise awareness among public authorities, professionals and the public; to develop research on the reception of images and to highlight existing work; to aggregate and support professional practices; to promote projects and teams concerned with combating cliche\u0301s.<\/p>\n<p>Join us: observatoiredesimages.org<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-gzhse-ce2f90fa7a44dc7ce71be70ee17133c5\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-gzhse-ce2f90fa7a44dc7ce71be70ee17133c5{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-gzhse-ce2f90fa7a44dc7ce71be70ee17133c5 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_button '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-849i6-182630b7d415883a530daea79b658d07-wrap avia-button-center  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last '><a href='https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/focus\/20en\/?tmstv=1675702483'  class='avia-button av-849i6-182630b7d415883a530daea79b658d07 av-link-btn avia-icon_select-no avia-size-small avia-position-center avia-color-theme-color'   aria-label=\"Download the Focus (PDF)\"><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Download the Focus (PDF)<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":873,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19327","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-focus","category-focus-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19327","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19327"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19327\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19399,"href":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19327\/revisions\/19399"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/873"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19327"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19327"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/observatoiredesimages.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19327"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}